Evaluation of Antimicrobial Efficacy and Clinical Outcomes of Triphala and 2.5% Sodium Hypochlorite as Intraradicular Irrigants in Pulpectomy of Primary Teeth.

A natural irrigation solution with a broad spectrum of antimicrobial coverage, triphala was selected for the pulpectomy procedure. Because of its natural ingredients, it is well-known for promoting tissue healing. It also supposedly has certain additional qualities as compared to usual irrigation solutions that are made chemically. Although 2.5% NaOCl is thought to be perfect since it meets most of the requirements for an irrigation solution but it cannot be optimized for pulpectomy procedure. Primary teeth that were recommended for pulpectomy underwent this randomized controlled experiment. Two groups of eighty-four primary teeth were randomly assigned to receive irrigations: triphala in Group A; 2.5% Sodium hypochlorite in Group B. Sample were taken from infected primary root canals. A sterile test tube with bhi broth as the transport media was used to collect pre- and post-irrigation samples using sterile absorbent paper tips. On agar media, microorganisms were cultivated and their mean colony count was assessed. Following the procedure, the patient's follow-up visits at one, two and three months were used to evaluate the clinical result. The post-microbial colony count was dramatically reduced (p<0.001) by both irrigation treatments. Triphala in Group A is demonstrating desirable efficacy. Clinical success was found satisfactory in both the groups studied (p<0.001). But statistically significant difference was not found (p=0.175). Considering undesirable properties of sodium hypochlorite triphala can be a better alternative as a root canal irrigants in pulpectomy of primary teeth.

Efficacy of non-instrumental Endodontic treatment in primary teeth: a systematic review of clinical randomized trials.

BACKGROUND: Endodontic therapy in pediatric dentistry is a challenging procedure, especially for special needs, uncooperative, and very young patients. A new conservative approach which is the non-instrumental endodontic treatment (NIET) has been developed to simplify the management of primary teeth requiring pulpectomy. This review aimed to compare the efficiency of NIET and conventional endodontic treatment in primary teeth. METHODS: Electronic databases including MEDLINE (via PubMed), Cochrane Library (CENTRAL), and Scopus without restrictions on publication year or publication language were searched. Only randomized clinical trials reporting clinical and radiographical outcomes of NIET and conventional pulpectomy on primary teeth were considered eligible. Two reviewers extracted the data according to the PRISMA statement and assessed the bias risk using the revised Cochrane risk-of-bias tool and a meta-analysis was performed. RESULTS: From 3322 screened articles, seven articles meeting the inclusion criteria were included. The selected studies included 283 primary molars, of 213 children aged between 3 and 9 years, treated by NIET and conventional pulpectomy, and had follow-up periods ranging from 1 month to tooth exfoliation. Two studies reported good success rates for both the NIET technique and endodontic therapy with no statistically significant difference while three studies showed radiographical significant differences with a low success rate for the NIET technique. Only one study reported better outcomes in the pulpectomy group with statistically significant differences. The quantitative grouping of the included studies showed no significant differences between NIET and conventional endodontic therapy regarding clinical and radiographical success (p value > 0.05). CONCLUSION: No difference between the NIET technique and the conventional endodontic therapy in primary molars requiring pulpectomy could be confirmed. Results of the present review need to be interpreted with caution since the quality of evidence according to the GRADE was considered as moderate to very low. Therefore, additional clinical trials on the NIET technique are recommended.

Pulpotomy versus pulpectomy in carious vital pulp exposure in primary incisors: a randomized controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: Pulpotomy as a minimally invasive pulp therapy technique is the treatment of choice for carious pulp exposures, however many pediatric dentists perform pulpectomies in vital primary incisors. The aim of this split mouth randomized controlled study was to compare formocresol pulpotomy and zinc-oxide and eugenol pulpectomy in the treatment of vital pulp exposure in primary incisors. METHODS: Contralateral pairs of incisors were randomly assigned to receive pulpotomy or pulpectomy in children aging from 18 to 66 months old and were followed up for 12 months. RESULTS: 39 pairs of incisors were included. Clinical and radiographical success rates showed no statistical significant difference (p = 1, p = 0.8 respectively). Relative risk measures for clinical success rates (RR = 1.03, 95%CI 0.87 to 1.23) and for radiographic success rates (RR = 1.03, 95%CI 0.83 to 1.29) with CIs including number one showing no difference between the two groups. The Survival rate using Kaplan-Meier survival analysis score showed 82% for pulpotomy and 74% for pulpectomy at 12 months (P = 0.2). CONCLUSIONS: Both pulpotomy and pulpectomy techniques can be used successfully in the treatment of carious vital pulp exposure in primary incisors. TRIAL REGISTRATION: The trial was retrospectively registered in Clinicaltrials .gov with this identifier NCT05589025 on 21/10/2022.

Comparative evaluation of hand and rotary file systems on dentinal microcrack formation during pulpectomy procedure in primary teeth: an in vitro study.

PURPOSE: Pulpectomy can be used for the management of deep dentinal carious lesions in primary teeth which can be restored. Mechanical preparation of root canals can be performed using hand or NiTi rotary files. However, this may cause dentinal stress and consequently dentinal microcracks. Hence, the aim was comparative evaluation of hand and rotary file systems on dentinal microcrack formation during pulpectomy procedure in primary teeth. METHODS: 60 extracted primary molar teeth were selected comprising of 80 root canals. Simple random sampling was used to divide root canals into four groups (n = 20): Group A-Hedstrom file, Group B-Pro AF Baby Gold rotary, Group C-ProTaper Next rotary, and Group D-unprepared group. Assessment was conducted on presence or absence of microcracks using Chi square test (p < 0.05). RESULTS: The total number of microcracks in Group A: one (5%), Group B: four (20%), Group C: nine (45%) and Group D: zero (0%) which was statistically significant (p = 0.002). At cervical third, the number of microcracks seen with Group A: one (5%), Group B: zero (0%), Group C: five (25%) and Group D: zero (0%) (p = 0.005). At the middle third, the number of microcracks seen in Group A: zero (0%), Group B: four (20%), Group C: four (20%) and Group D: zero (0%) (p = 0.029). CONCLUSION: The study concluded that dentinal microcracks are formed with both hand and rotary file systems in primary teeth. ProTaper Next showed significantly higher number of microcracks, followed by ProAF Baby Gold and H files.

Comparative evaluation of cervical pulpotomy and pulpectomy for primary molars with irreversible pulpitis: a multicentre randomised controlled trial.

PURPOSE: The objective of this multicentre randomised controlled trial was to compare the clinical/radiographic outcomes of cervical pulpotomy using calcium-enriched mixture cement (PCEM) and pulpectomy using Metapex (PM) in primary molars with irreversible pulpitis (IP). METHODS: A total of 134 primary molars from 94 children were randomly assigned to two intervention groups: the PCEM group (n = 74) and the PM group (n = 60). Baseline characteristics including age/gender/molar type/tooth type/jaw were recorded. The primary outcome measures were clinical/radiographic success rates assessed at the first and second follow-up appointments. Secondary outcomes included reasons for clinical/radiographic failures. Multiple logistic regression analysis was performed to determine the impact of various factors on the success rates. RESULTS: The mean age of the participants in both groups was similar (PCEM group: 5.4 years, PM group: 5.5 years). Gender distribution, molar type, tooth type, jaw, and number of practitioners were comparable between the groups. The clinical success rate at the first follow-up was 98.6% in the PCEM group and 96.4% in the PM group. At the second follow-up, the clinical success rate was 97.1% in the PCEM group and 91.1% in the PM group. The radiographic success rates at the first and second follow-up were 98.6% and 96.4% in the PCEM group and 96.4% and 91.1% in the PM group, respectively. Multiple logistic regression analysis did not reveal any significant association between the success rates and age/gender/molar type/jaw, or treatment groups (P > 0.05). CONCLUSION: In primary molars with IP, both simple/conservative cervical pulpotomy using calcium-enriched mixture cement and pulpectomy using Metapex demonstrated high clinical/radiographic success rates. No significant differences were observed between the two treatment modalities. These findings suggest that both techniques can be considered effective treatment options for managing primary molars with IP. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: Trial registration number: IRCT20201226049838N1, retrospectively registered on 12 January 2021.

Impact of pulpectomy versus tooth extraction in children's oral health-related quality of life: A randomized clinical trial.

AIM: The aim of this randomized clinical trial was to compare the impact of two management options for primary molars with pulp necrosis (pulpectomy or extraction) on children's oral health-related quality of life (OHRQoL). DESIGN: A total of 100 children aged 3-5 years with at least one necrotic primary molar were selected and randomized into the study groups. The Brazilian version of early childhood oral health impact scale (B-ECOHIS) was completed by the parent proxy reports at baseline and after 4, 8 and 12 months. Differences between the trial groups were assessed through bootstrap linear regression for B-ECOHIS scores, logistic regression for dental pain self-reports and anxiety scores (α = 5%). RESULTS: The mean (SD) B-ECOHIS scores at baseline and after 12 months were 17.7 (6.5) and 3.0 (4.0) in the pulpectomy group and 18.8 (7.7) and 7.9 (7.7) in the extraction group. Both treatments significantly improved OHRQoL, but tooth extraction group showed higher scores in total B-ECOHIS (p < .001) and most domains, indicating lower OHRQoL. Furthermore, higher anxiety levels were reported for dental extraction compared to pulpectomy (OR = 2.52; p = .008). CONCLUSION: Pulpectomy resulted in an improved OHRQoL scores after 12 months when compared to tooth extraction and should be considered as the treatment of choice for necrotic primary molars.

Clinical and Radiographic Evaluation of Various Herbal Products Used with Zinc Oxide as an Obturating Material in Primary Teeth: An In Vivo Study.

AIM: To compare the clinical and radiographically mixture of zinc oxide with Aloe vera, Curcumin and neem as an obturating material for pulpectomy. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study comprised of age group 4-8 years children requiring endodontic treatment for at least a single primary molar tooth. Sixty primary molar teeth from 43 children were divided equally and randomly into four study groups. The materials used for obturation were zinc oxide powder (ZnO) and Eugenol (ZOE) (group I), ZnO and Aloe vera Gel (group II), ZnO and Curcumin Powder (group III), ZnO and neem extract (group IV). They were evaluated clinically and radiographically at immediate postoperative and then at 1-, 3-, 6-, and 9-month intervals. RESULTS: At the end of 9 months, the Chi-square test revealed 100% success rate for recovery of pain in group I and III, 66.66% in group II and 93.3% in group IV. The success rates for absence of abscess and for periradicular radiolucency in group I, III, and group IV were 100% and 66.6% for group II. The success rate for periapical radiolucency in group I and group III was 100%, in group II 66.6% and in group IV 93.35%. The success rate for all the groups shows 100% success in terms of pathological root resorption. CONCLUSION: Zinc oxide eugenol has proven to be the best obturating material. ZnO with Aloe vera showed a success rate which is significantly lower than the other medicaments. ZnO with Curcumin and ZnO with neem had shown promising clinical and radiographical results. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: ZnO with Curcumin and ZnO with neem can be used as a root canal filling material in primary teeth with further follow-up studies.

Alternative root canal filling materials to zinc oxide eugenol in primary teeth: a systematic review of the literature.

PURPOSE: The aim of this review was to compare the currently available root canal filling materials for primary teeth to zinc oxide eugenol (ZOE) to find a suitable alternative. The search question was: which root canal filling materials used in pulpectomy for primary teeth give better clinical and radiographic success rates than ZOE? METHODS: A systematic search was conducted using five databases, namely Cochrane central register of controlled trials (CENTRAL), MEDLINE via PubMed, Science Direct, Scopus and EBSCOhost using a selection of "MeSH terms". The "Modified Jadad Scale" was used for the methodology assessment of the included studies. RESULTS: Out of 480 articles identified in the initial search, 8 articles met all the inclusion criteria. The results showed that, compared to ZOE, ZOE with calcium hydroxide and iodoform had better clinical and radiographic success rates, a resorption rate similar to that of the roots, faster resorption of extruded particles and a maximum decrease in the size of pre-operative inter-radicular radiolucencies. CONCLUSION: Numerous materials, proposed and used by clinicians in root canal filling in primary teeth, can be recommended as alternatives to ZOE. However, none of them could be the ideal material in primary teeth. Thus, more high-quality well-designed randomised clinical trials are required to develop more high-performing materials.

Zinc oxide-ozonated olive oil as a new root canal filling material in primary molars: a clinical randomized controlled trial.

OBJECTIVES: The complex root canal anatomy of primary teeth keeps it very tricky to attain appropriate cleansing by biomechanical instrumentation, so obtaining an obturating material with excellent antimicrobial properties is a challenge in current clinical pulpectomy practice. So, this study aimed to assess the clinical and radiographic performance of zinc oxide-ozonated olive oil as a primary root canal filling material. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Ninety non-vital primary molars in children ranging from 4 to 8 years were allocated into three groups in which root canals were filled with zinc oxide-ozonated olive oil, zinc oxide-olive oil, and zinc oxide-eugenol (ZOE) according to each group after pulpectomy procedure. Clinical and radiographic evaluations were done at 3-, 6-, and 12-month follow-up periods. Statistical analysis was performed for the collected data. RESULTS: All study groups showed a significant improvement regarding clinical signs and symptoms during follow-up periods. Ozonated-olive oil group revealed a significant increase in furcation radiodensity and a decrease in periodontal ligament space at 3-, 6-, and 12-month follow-up intervals compared to other groups. CONCLUSION: Zinc oxide-ozonated olive oil and zinc oxide-olive oil paste had shown good clinical and radiographic success for primary teeth pulpectomy. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The intricate torturous primary root canal anatomy, in addition to the child's negative behavior, interferes with the complete debridement, so the long-lasting antibacterial effect of the primary root canal filling material aids in the pulpectomy success.

Survival Analysis and Risk Factors of Pulpectomy among Children with Severe Early Childhood Caries Treated under General Anesthesia: A Retrospective Study.

OBJECTIVES: This study aims to retrospectively evaluate the survival rate of pulpectomy performed under dental general anesthesia (DGA) through long-term follow-up and to explore the risk factors associated with treatment failure. METHODS: The medical records of the children who were diagnosed with S-ECC and received pulpectomy treatment under general anesthesia (GA) from 1 August 2014 to 1 December 2019, in the Stomatological Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, were collected. Two dentistry postgraduates extracted the necessary information and filled in a predesigned excel form. Survival analysis was performed using the Kaplan-Meier method. The shared frailty model was used to explore possible factors affecting the success rate of pulpectomy in primary teeth. RESULTS: A total of 381 children (mean age 3.49 ± 0.90) with S-ECC and 1220 teeth were included in the study, including 590 primary anterior teeth and 630 primary molars. The overall 35-month survival rate was 38.5%, which was 52.9% for anterior teeth and 31.1% for molars. The overall median survival time was 31 months, in which anterior teeth were 35 months and molars were 26 months. The older the children were, the greater the risk of treatment failure (HR 1.56, 95% CI 1.09, 2.24). The risk of pulpectomy failure of primary molars was 1.9 times that of primary anterior teeth (95% CI 1.36, 2.65) and the teeth with abnormal radiological findings before treatment was 1.41 times higher than that of teeth without imaging abnormalities (95% CI 1.74, 3.36). CONCLUSION: The survival rate of primary tooth pulpectomy is acceptable but decreased gradually with time. The failure rate of pulpectomy in primary molars is higher than that of primary anterior teeth. When the primary caries has extended to the pulp and resulted in a nonvital lesion, pulpectomy could be an option for maximum retention of the primary tooth.

Lesion sterilization and tissue repair with chloramphenicol, tetracyline, zinc oxide/eugenol paste versus conventional pulpectomy: A 36-month randomized controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: Endodontic treatment of primary molars represents one of the challenges in pediatric dentistry. There is a lack of consensus in the literature about the endodontic techniques and filling paste for primary teeth with pulp necrosis. AIM: To compare the effectiveness of the LSTR technique (lesion sterilization and tissue repair) with CTZ paste (chloramphenicol, tetracycline, zinc oxide and eugenol) and pulpectomy with ZOE paste (zinc oxide and eugenol) in the treatment of primary molars with pulp necrosis. DESIGN: Eighty-eight primary molars with pulp necrosis from 70 children between the ages of 3 and 8 years were included. The teeth were randomized to the LSTR with CTZ paste group or pulpectomy with ZOE paste group. Clinical and radiographic evaluations were performed at 18, 24, 30 and 36 months. RESULTS: At 36 months, clinical success was 86.4% in LSTR with CTZ paste and 90.9% in pulpectomy with ZOE paste (p = .45). Radiographic success was 43.2% in both groups (p = 1.00). The overall success was 40.9% in LSTR with CTZ paste and 43.2% in pulpectomy with ZOE paste (p = 1.00). CONCLUSION: After 36 months of evaluation, the effectiveness of the LSTR technique with CTZ paste and pulpectomy with ZOE paste was similar for the treatment of primary molars with pulp necrosis.

A retrospective study of iRoot BP Plus pulpotomy compared with Vitapex pulpectomy for irreversible pulpitis of primary molars with the presence of coronal pulp tissue.

BACKGROUND: Pulpotomy has been successfully performed in immature and mature permanent teeth with irreversible pulpitis but rarely in primary teeth. AIM: To evaluate the outcomes of iRoot BP Plus pulpotomy and Vitapex pulpectomy in primary molars with irreversible pulpitis. DESIGN: We selected 130 primary molars of 99 patients, aged 3-7 years, diagnosed with irreversible pulpitis with coronal pulp tissue and treated with iRoot BP Plus pulpotomy or Vitapex pulpectomy (median follow-up period: 18 months). They were divided into the pulpotomy (n = 88) and pulpectomy (n = 42) groups according to treatment procedure. The pulpotomy group was further divided into asymptomatic (n = 46) and symptomatic (n = 42) subgroups according to preoperative symptoms. The chi-squared test and Cox regression were performed to analyze the outcomes. RESULTS: Clinical and radiographic success rates were significantly higher in the pulpotomy group (98.9% and 95.5%) than in the pulpectomy group (88.1% and 54.8%) and did not differ significantly between asymptomatic and symptomatic pulpotomy subgroups. CONCLUSION: Irreversible pulpitis of primary molars with coronal pulp tissue can be successfully treated with iRoot BP Plus pulpotomy. Early intraradicular resorption of materials is the main adverse outcome of Vitapex pulpectomy.

Influence of treatment setting on success of pulpectomy in primary molars: a retrospective analysis up to 4 years.

OBJECTIVES: The objective of this study was to analyze the success of primary molar pulpectomy with a minimum of 1 year and up to 4 years follow-up with focus on the treatment setting (general anesthesia, sedation, local anesthesia alone). METHOD AND MATERIALS: Data were retrieved from 92 patients' records between 2012 and 2020. The pulpectomy treatment using calcium-hydroxide/iodoform paste was performed under general anesthesia (n = 45), nitrous oxide sedation (n = 21), or local anesthesia alone (n = 39). Bivariate and multivariate analyses were performed. RESULTS: The overall success of pulpectomy was 59.5% 4 years post-treatment. The 4-years clinical success rate was clinically relevantly higher under general anesthesia (78.6% vs 57.1% under nitrous oxide sedation, 43.8% with local anesthesia only) and in the mandibular arch (70.8% vs 38.5% in the maxillary arch). This could be related to the strict case selection under sedation and especially general anesthesia. Despite statistically significant differences in the bivariate analysis for most outcomes and follow-up periods, this was not the case in multivariate regression. CONCLUSION: Pulpectomy performed in primary molars offers a successful long-term treatment option especially with a strict case selection as under general anesthesia.

Efficacy of an iodoform-based filling material for pulpectomy of primary teeth: A 24-month non-inferiority randomized clinical trial.

AIM: The aim of this non-inferiority randomized clinical trial was to compare the efficacy of an iodoform-based paste (Guedes-Pinto -(GP)) as a filling material in pulpectomies of primary teeth, and a standard material composed by calcium hydroxide and iodoform (CaOH/Iodof paste; Vitapex® ). DESIGN: A total of 104 teeth from 61 children (3-8 years old) were randomly allocated to two groups according to filling materials. Children were followed up for 24 months. The primary endpoint was the treatment success rate evaluated through clinical and radiographic examinations at follow-up, and the secondary outcome was the analysis of the canal filling quality. Differences in the proportion of treatment success was calculated based on 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) and with the Miettinen and Nurminen method in the intention-to-treat population, considering a -20% of the non-inferiority limit. RESULTS: From 104 randomized teeth, 102 were followed up after 24 months (attrition rate of 1.9%). The success rate of teeth treated with the GP paste was 86.8% (95% CI: 69.9-94.9) and 78.4% (95% CI: 61.8-89.1) with the CaOH/Iodof paste. Consequently, a non-inferiority of the GP paste was observed when compared to the CaOH/Iodof paste (P < .001). CONCLUSION: The GP paste has a non-inferior success rate than the CaOH/Iodof paste used as filling material for pulpectomy in primary teeth.

Concordância entre medida de comprimento de trabalho por radiografia e localizador eletrônico foraminal na dentição decídua: revisão integrativa / Agreement between work length measurement by radiography and electronic foraminal locator in the primary dentition: an integrative review

Introdução: O estabelecimento do comprimento de trabalho (CT) é uma etapa fundamental para o sucesso do tratamento endodôntico, principalmente na dentição decídua. O exame radiográfico é um dos principais meios de definir o CT. A mensuração desse comprimento também pode ser obtida por meio de dispositivos eletrônicos. Objetivo: Revisar a literatura acerca da concordância entre a medida de CT por radiografia e localizadores eletrônicos foraminais (LEFs) na dentição decídua. Metodologia: A busca bibliográfica foi realizada nas bases de dados PubMed, Cochrane Library e BVS, seguindo uma estratégia de combinação de palavras-chave, filtrando apenas pesquisas clínicas. A seleção dos artigos foi realizada em duas etapas: através da leitura dos títulos e resumos e, em seguida, por meio da obtenção e leitura dos artigos completos selecionados. Resultados: sete artigos foram selecionados, publicados entre 2011 e 2020. Todos foram analisados quanto à qualidade metodológica e à caracterização como tamanho da amostra, objetivo, metodologia, resultados e conclusão. Todos possuíam os dados necessários para contemplar o objetivo desta pesquisa. O uso dos LEFs mostrou-se tão preciso quanto o método radiográfico (n=6), e, em um estudo, o método eletrônico foi superior ao radiográfico para determinação do CT. Conclusão: O método eletrônico possui eficácia na determinação do CT durante o tratamento endodôntico de dentes decíduos sendo comparável ao radiográfico.

Introduction: To establish the working length (CT) is a fundamental step toward the suc-cess of endodontic treatment. Also, the radiographic examination is one of the most important means of determining CT. This length can also be measured by electronic devic-es. Objective: To review the literature on the agreement between the CT measurement by radiography and electronic foraminal locators (LEF) in the primary dentition. Methodology: A bibliographic search was performed on PubMed, Cochrane Library, and BVS, using a keyword combination strategy and filtering only clinical research. The selection of the articles occurred in two stages: by reading the titles and abstracts, and by obtaining and reading the selected full articles. Results: Seven articles, published between 2011 and 2020, were selected and analyzed for methodological quality and characterized for sample size, objectives, methodology, results, and conclusion. They had the essential data to contemplate the purpose of this research. The use of LEF proved to be as accurate as of the radiographic method (n=6), and in one study, the electronic method was superior to the radiographic method for determining TC. Conclusion: The electronic method is effective in determining the CT during the endodontic treatment of primary teeth and is comparable to the radiographic one.

Pasta de hidróxido de calcio/yodoformo en pulpectomías de dientes deciduos: Reporte de caso con seguimiento de seis meses / Calcium hydroxide/iodoform paste in primary teeth pulpectomies: a case report with six-month follow-up

Resumen Introducción: Las pastas de obturación a base de hidróxido de calcio/yodoformo han demostrado buenos resultados en pulpectomías de dientes primarios. Objetivos: describir el desempeño de una pasta de hidróxido de calcio/yodoformo (Calplus®) mediante la evaluación clínica y radiográfica en pulpectomias durante 6 meses. Metodología: Un paciente de sexo masculino de 2 años de edad acudió a la Clínica Odontológica de la Universidad Científica del Sur, Lima-Perú. Durante la evaluación clínica se diagnosticó caries de infancia temprana. Tratamientos preventivos y restauradores fueron realizados. Las pulpectomias fueron obturadas con (Calplus®). Para evaluar el desempeño, las pulpectomías fueron acompañadas durante 1, 3 y 6 meses mediante exámenes clínicos y radiográficos examinando dolor, movilidad patológica, alteraciones de tejido blando, rarefacción ósea, y reabsorción radicular patológica. Al tercer mes de seguimiento solo se observó contorno gingival alterado. Conclusiones: La pasta a base de hidróxido de calcio/yodoformo (Calplus®) demostró buen desempeño en pulpectomías de dientes primarios considerando aspectos clínicos y radiográficos después de 6 meses de seguimiento.

Abstract Introduction*: Calcium hydroxide/iodoform is a root canal filling material that have shown good results in pulpectomies of primary teeth. Objective: Describe the performance of a calcium hydroxide/iodoform (Calplus®) root canal filling material considering clinical and radiographic outcomes after 6 months follow-up. Methods: A 2-year-old male patient attended the Dental Clinic of Universidad Científica del Sur, Lima-Perú. Oral clinical examination showed early childhood caries. Preventive and restoration treatments were carried out. Pulpectomies were performed with Calplus®. To evaluate pulpectomies performance it was examined clinical and radiographic outcomes: pain, pathological mobility, soft tissue disorders, bone rarefaction and pathological root resorption. The clinical and radiographic findings at 1, 3, and 6 months were assessed. After three months, it was only observed altered gingival contour. Conclusion: Calcium hydroxide/ iodoform (Calplus®) root canal filling material showed good success rate in primary teeth pulpectomies considering clinical and radiographic outcomes after 6 months follow-up.

Treatment of severely decayed anterior primary teeth with short-post technique (Mushroom Restorations) under general anesthesia.

AIMS: The aim of this study was to evaluation the treatment success of the short post technique (mushroom restoration) using a composite resin in severely decayed primary anterior teeth after 6, 12, and 18 months after treatment. METHODS: Eighteen children aged 3-5 years with severely decayed primary maxillary anterior teeth (60 anterior maxillary primary teeth in total) were included. Patients were treated under general anesthesia (GA). After pulpectomy, a "mushroom shape" was formed in the root canals for the purpose of retention, and the root canals were filled with zinc oxide-eugenol (ZOE), and the teeth were restored with composite resin. The status of treatment was evaluated clinically and radiographically for periapical radiolucency, pathological root resorption, marginal fracture, and loss of restoration for each treated tooth. All findings were recorded. RESULTS: As a result of the evaluation criteria, the success rates at 6, 12 and 18 months were 86%, 80%, and 71%, respectively. None of the teeth showed apical radiolucency or pathological root resorption at the end of the 18th month period. CONCLUSION: The short-post (mushroom restorations) technique is a clinically acceptable alternative method for restoration of severely decayed primary teeth. This study supports the feasibility of treatment with this technique for pediatric patients treated under GA.

The effect of a chemomechanical protocol to eliminate microorganisms from pulpectomized primary teeth: three case reports

Introduction: Description of the bacterial community before and after chemomechanical preparation (CP) with the removal of a smear layer (SL) in pulpectomized primary teeth has been little reported. Objective: These case reports describe the presence of total microorganisms and Enterococcus faecalis in root canals of primary incisors before and after CP with SL removal. Case Reports: Microbiological samples were collected from the root canals of three children (3.66±0.58 years old) with necrosis (n=2) and irreversible pulpal inflammation (n=1) in maxillary primary incisors. After teeth isolation with a rubber dam and antisepsis of the operative field, the sample collections were performed with sterile absorbent paper cones before and after the CP, which included irrigation with 2.5% sodium hypochlorite followed by 6% citric acid to remove the SL. The collected samples were analysed immediately at the end of the clinical procedures. The plates were incubated anaerobically for 48 hours at 37°C. The results were expressed as colony forming units (CFU)/mL. Results: Two of the three teeth showed total microorganisms before the CP. One incisor had no microorganisms in the initial collection. No CFU was counted in the samples collected after CP. Moreover, E. faecalis was not observed any time, either before or after the CP. Conclusions: E. faecalis was not detected in any sample, yet two of the three root canals had microorganisms before CP. In cases where microorganisms were initially found, 100% elimination was observed after the applied protocol.

Introdução: A descrição da comunidade bacteriana antes e após o preparo químico-mecânico (PQM) com remoção da smear layer (SL) em dentes decíduos pulpectomizados tem sido pouco relatada. Objetivo: Esses relatos de casos descrevem a presença de microrganismos totais e Enterococcus faecalis em canais radiculares de incisivos decíduos antes e após PQM com remoção de SL. Relatos dos Casos: Amostras microbiológicas foram coletadas do canal radicular de três crianças (3,66 ± 0,58 anos) com necrose (n = 2) e inflamação pulpar irreversível (n= 1) em incisivos decíduos superiores. Após o isolamento dos dentes com dique de borracha e antissepsia do campo operatório, as coletas das amostras foram realizadas com cones de papel absorvente estéril antes e após o PQM, que incluiu irrigação com hipoclorito de sódio 2,5% seguido de ácido cítrico 6% para retirada do SL. As amostras coletadas foram analisadas imediatamente ao final dos procedimentos clínicos. As placas foram incubadas em anaerobiose durante 48 horas a 37°C. Os resultados foram expressos em unidades formadoras de colônias (UFC)/mL. Resultados: Dois dos três dentes apresentaram microrganismos totais antes do PQM. Um incisivo não apresentava microrganismos na coleta inicial. Nenhuma UFC foi contada nas amostras coletadas após o PQM. Além disso, o E. faecalis não foi observado nenhum momento, nem antes, nem depois do PQM. Conclusão: Não foi detectado E. faecalis em nenhuma amostra, porém dois dos três canais radiculares apresentavam microrganismos antes do PQM. Nos casos em que foram encontrados microrganismos inicialmente, observou-se 100% de eliminação após o protocolo aplicado.

Effects of dental general anaesthesia treatment on early childhood caries: a prospective cohort study in China.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the success rates of dental procedures, the recurrence rates of caries and changes in oral health-related quality of life (OHRQoL) in children following treatment for early childhood caries (ECC) under dental general anaesthesia (DGA) in Chongqing, China. DESIGN: A single-centre prospective cohort study conducted from December 2016 to June 2017. SETTING: A tertiary stomatological hospital in Chongqing, China. PARTICIPANTS: A total of 159 children aged 2-5 years who received treatment for ECC under DGA were included. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The primary outcomes were the success rates of dental procedures (the number of successful procedures divided by the total number of procedures) and the recurrence rates of caries. The success and recurrence rates were evaluated by a specialised examiner. The secondary outcome was the change in children's OHRQoL after DGA treatment, which was measured with the Early Childhood Oral Health Impact Scale (ECOHIS). RESULTS: Overall, 117 children (73.6%) and 101 children (63.5%) participated in 6-month and 12-month clinical examinations, respectively, and 151 children (95.0%) completed OHRQoL surveys pretreatment and at 1, 3, 6 and 12 months post-treatment. The resin composite, stainless steel crown, indirect pulp capping, pulpectomy, space maintenance and dental sealant success rates were 89.6%, 96.3%, 96.0%, 94.4%, 76.9% and 92.9%, respectively, at 6 months and 78.8%, 95.1%, 92.2%, 88.9%, 63.6% and 89.3%, respectively, at 12 months. 10 (8.5%) and 19 children (18.8%) developed recurrent caries within 6 and 12 months, respectively. Within 1 year of treatment, the total ECOHIS scores at each post-treatment time point were still significantly lower than those at pretreatment, although they had increased slowly over time. CONCLUSIONS: Overall, high success rates were obtained for the dental procedures, and the children's OHRQoL significantly improved after treatment. However, there was a tendency towards caries relapse, and the children's OHRQoL deteriorated over time.

Allium sativum extract as an irrigant in pulpectomy of primary molars: A 12-month short-term evaluation.

This study indented to assess the clinical and radiographic assessment of Allium sativum extract as an intracanal irrigant for pulpectomy of primary molars. Ninety children with 110 teeth submitted were categorized into two groups. Clinical and radiographic success rates were checked at 3, 6, and 12 months. Qui-square test at a level of significance was ˂0.05. There was no statistically significant difference (p Ë‚ .05) between the two groups that has not been detected clinically or radiographically. Clinical and radiographic success rates of garlic extract at 3 months were (80% and 72.7%), which declined at 6 and 12 months to be 76.4% 6 and 74.5% respectively. For NaOCl group, clinical and radiographic success rates were 87.3% and 85.5% at 3 months, 87.3% and 87.3% at 6 months and 89.1% and 87.3% at 12 months. A. sativum extract can be used efficiently as an irrigant for pulpectomy of primary molar root canals.